Deploying reliable deep learning techniques in interdisciplinary applications needs learned models to output accurate and ({even more importantly}) explainable predictions. Existing approaches typically explicate network outputs in a post-hoc fashion, under an implicit assumption that faithful explanations come from accurate predictions/classifications. We have an opposite claim that explanations boost (or even determine) classification. That is, end-to-end learning of explanation factors to augment discriminative representation extraction could be a more intuitive strategy to inversely assure fine-grained explainability, e.g., in those neuroimaging and neuroscience studies with high-dimensional data containing noisy, redundant, and task-irrelevant information. In this paper, we propose such an explainable geometric deep network dubbed as NeuroExplainer, with applications to uncover altered infant cortical development patterns associated with preterm birth. Given fundamental cortical attributes as network input, our NeuroExplainer adopts a hierarchical attention-decoding framework to learn fine-grained attentions and respective discriminative representations to accurately recognize preterm infants from term-born infants at term-equivalent age. NeuroExplainer learns the hierarchical attention-decoding modules under subject-level weak supervision coupled with targeted regularizers deduced from domain knowledge regarding brain development. These prior-guided constraints implicitly maximizes the explainability metrics (i.e., fidelity, sparsity, and stability) in network training, driving the learned network to output detailed explanations and accurate classifications. Experimental results on the public dHCP benchmark suggest that NeuroExplainer led to quantitatively reliable explanation results that are qualitatively consistent with representative neuroimaging studies.

While inferring common actor states (such as position or velocity) is an important and well-explored task of the perception system aboard a self-driving vehicle (SDV), it may not always provide sufficient information to the SDV. This is especially true in the case of active emergency vehicles (EVs), where light-based signals also need to be captured to provide a full context. We consider this problem and propose a sequential methodology for the detection of active EVs, using an off-the-shelf CNN model operating at a frame level and a downstream smoother that accounts for the temporal aspect of flashing EV lights. We also explore model improvements through data augmentation and training with additional hard samples.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Background and Purpose: Colorectal cancer is a common fatal malignancy, the fourth most common cancer in men, and the third most common cancer in women worldwide. Timely detection of cancer in its early stages is essential for treating the disease. Currently, there is a lack of datasets for histopathological image segmentation of rectal cancer, which often hampers the assessment accuracy when computer technology is used to aid in diagnosis. Methods: This present study provided a new publicly available Enteroscope Biopsy Histopathological Hematoxylin and Eosin Image Dataset for Image Segmentation Tasks (EBHI-Seg). To demonstrate the validity and extensiveness of EBHI-Seg, the experimental results for EBHI-Seg are evaluated using classical machine learning methods and deep learning methods. Results: The experimental results showed that deep learning methods had a better image segmentation performance when utilizing EBHI-Seg. The maximum accuracy of the Dice evaluation metric for the classical machine learning method is 0.948, while the Dice evaluation metric for the deep learning method is 0.965. Conclusion: This publicly available dataset contained 5,170 images of six types of tumor differentiation stages and the corresponding ground truth images. The dataset can provide researchers with new segmentation algorithms for medical diagnosis of colorectal cancer, which can be used in the clinical setting to help doctors and patients.

Object goal navigation (ObjectNav) in unseen environments is a fundamental task for Embodied AI. Agents in existing works learn ObjectNav policies based on 2D maps, scene graphs, or image sequences. Considering this task happens in 3D space, a 3D-aware agent can advance its ObjectNav capability via learning from fine-grained spatial information. However, leveraging 3D scene representation can be prohibitively unpractical for policy learning in this floor-level task, due to low sample efficiency and expensive computational cost. In this work, we propose a framework for the challenging 3D-aware ObjectNav based on two straightforward sub-policies. The two sub-polices, namely corner-guided exploration policy and category-aware identification policy, simultaneously perform by utilizing online fused 3D points as observation. Through extensive experiments, we show that this framework can dramatically improve the performance in ObjectNav through learning from 3D scene representation. Our framework achieves the best performance among all modular-based methods on the Matterport3D and Gibson datasets, while requiring (up to 30x) less computational cost for training.

到达状态的密度可以帮助理解安全至关重要的系统的风险，尤其是在最坏情况下的情况过于保守的情况下。最近的工作提供了一种数据驱动的方法来计算自主系统在线前进状态的密度分布。在本文中，我们研究了这种方法与模型预测控制在不确定性下的可验证安全路径计划的结合。我们首先使用学习的密度分布来计算在线碰撞的风险。如果这种风险超过可接受的阈值，我们的方法将计划在先前轨迹周围采取新的途径，并在阈值以下碰撞风险。我们的方法非常适合处理具有不确定性和复杂动力学的系统，因为我们的数据驱动方法不需要系统动力学的分析形式，并且可以通过不确定性的任意初始分布来估算正向状态密度。我们设计了两个具有挑战性的场景（自动驾驶和气垫船控制），以在系统不确定性下的障碍物中进行安全运动计划。我们首先表明我们的密度估计方法可以达到与基于蒙特卡洛的方法相似的准确性，同时仅使用0.01倍训练样本。通过利用估计的风险，我们的算法在执行超过0.99的安全速率时达到目标达到最高成功率。

近年来，在自学学习（SSL）方面取得了重大成功，这有助于各种下游任务。但是，攻击者可能会窃取此类SSL模型并将其商业化以获利，这对于保护其知识产权（IP）至关重要。大多数现有的IP保护解决方案都是为监督学习模型而设计的，不能直接使用，因为它们要求模型的下游任务和目标标签在水印嵌入过程中已知并获得，这在SSL的域中并非总是可以的。为了解决此类问题，尤其是在水印嵌入过程中下游任务多样化且未知时，我们提出了一种新型的黑盒水印解决方案，名为SSL-WM，以保护SSL模型的所有权。 SSL-WM将水印编码器的水印输入映射到不变的表示空间中，该空间会导致任何下游分类器产生预期的行为，从而允许检测到嵌入式水印。我们使用不同的SSL模型（包括基于对比度和基于生成的生成型）来评估许多任务，例如计算机视觉（CV）和自然语言处理（NLP）等许多任务。实验结果表明，SSL-WM可以有效地验证各种下游任务中被盗SSL模型的所有权。此外，SSL-WM对模型进行微调和修剪攻击非常强大。最后，SSL-WM还可以从评估的水印检测方法中逃避检测，从而证明了其在保护SSL模型IP时的有希望的应用。

在本文中，我们介绍了2022年多模式情感分析挑战（MUSE）的解决方案，其中包括Muse-Humor，Muse-Rection和Muse Surns Sub-Challenges。 2022年穆斯穆斯（Muse 2022）着重于幽默检测，情绪反应和多模式的情感压力，利用不同的方式和数据集。在我们的工作中，提取了不同种类的多模式特征，包括声学，视觉，文本和生物学特征。这些功能由Temma和Gru融合到自发机制框架中。在本文中，1）提取了一些新的音频功能，面部表达功能和段落级文本嵌入以进行准确的改进。 2）我们通过挖掘和融合多模式特征来显着提高多模式情感预测的准确性和可靠性。 3）在模型培训中应用有效的数据增强策略，以减轻样本不平衡问题并防止模型形成学习有偏见的主题字符。对于博物馆的子挑战，我们的模型获得了0.8932的AUC分数。对于Muse Rection子挑战，我们在测试集上的Pearson相关系数为0.3879，它的表现优于所有其他参与者。对于Muse Surst Sub-Challenge，我们的方法在测试数据集上的唤醒和价值都优于基线，达到了0.5151的最终综合结果。

我们介绍了一个开源深学习库的Pytorchvideo，为各种视频理解任务提供了丰富的模块化，高效，可重复的组件，包括分类，检测，自我监督学习和低级处理。该库涵盖了一系列视频理解工具，包括复制最先进的性能的多模式数据加载，转换和模型。Pytorchvideo进一步支持硬件加速，从而实现移动设备上的实时推断。图书馆基于Pytorch，可以由任何培训框架使用;例如，pytorchlightning，pyslowfast或优雅的愿景。pytorchvideo在https://pytorchvideo.org/提供

后门攻击对NLP模型构成了新的威胁。在后门攻击中构建中毒数据的标准策略是将触发器（例如，稀有字）插入所选句子，并将原始标签更改为目标标签。该策略具有从触发器和标签视角轻松检测到的严重缺陷：注入的触发器，通常是一种罕见的单词，导致异常的自然语言表达，因此可以通过防御模型容易地检测到异常的自然语言表达;改变的目标标签会导致误报标记的示例，因此可以通过手动检查容易地检测到。要处理此问题，请在本文中，我们提出了一种新的策略来执行不需要外部触发的文本后门攻击，并且中毒样品被正确标记。拟议策略的核心思想是构建清洁标记的例子，其标签是正确的，但可以导致测试标签在与培训集合融合时的变化。为了产生中毒清洁标记的例子，我们提出了一种基于遗传算法的句子生成模型，以满足文本数据的不可微差特性。广泛的实验表明，拟议的攻击策略不仅有效，而且更重要的是，由于其令人触发和清洁的性质，难以防御。我们的工作标志着在NLP中开发令人触发的攻击策略的第一步。